Exchange rates on international scale

Blood Diamonds: The Conflict in Sierra Leone History of Diamonds: The name jewel originates from the Greek word, adamas which means unconquerable. Fittingly precious stones are made of unadulterated carbon, and jewels are the hardest regular substance known to man.[1] Diamonds have for quite some time been an indication of riches and fortune. Lords and sovereigns have worn these types of concentrated carbon and considerably increasingly endless millions individuals over the long haul have ached for them. These jewels can be straightforward, truculent white, yellow, green, blue, or earthy colored. To comprehend the estimation of these stones, and eventually their job in war, it serves to initially comprehend their causes and where they come structure. Precious stones are the most every now and again utilized structure capital by the radicals in Angola, Sierra Leone, and the Democratic Republic of Congo use to buy weapons. The most punctual pearl precious stones were found in India and Borneo, were they were found in riverbeds. In the mid eighteenth century, stores like those in India were found in Brazil. The tale of jewels in Africa started between December 1866 and February 1867, when a 15-year-old found a straightforward stone on his dad's ranch, on the south bank of the Orange River. Inside the following fifteen years, African precious stone mines created a bigger number of jewels than the India, the past driving maker, had over the most recent 2,000 years. This expansion underway happened simultaneously as the precious stone mines in Brazil encounters a sharp decrease in their creation. The exhaustion of mines in Brazil guaranteed that gracefully would stay stable and precious stone costs would not fall as they recently had w hen Brazil over delivered in the 1730s.[2] Precious stones are the unadulterated type of carbon in a straightforward express, that ... ...fer, Stefan. The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1993. Tamm, Ingrid J. Precious stones in Peace and War: Severing the Conflict-Diamond Connection. Cambridge: World Peace Foundation, 2002. Web Sources: Allafrica.com: www.allafrica.com Pardon International: www.amnesty.org CNN: www.cnn.com De Beers: www.debeers.com - - - - - [1] www.debeers.com [2] Kanfer, Stefan. The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World. [3] Hirsch, John L. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy [4] Hirsch, John L. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy [5] Hirsch, John L. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy [6] Tamm, Ingrid J. Precious stones in Peace and War: Severing the Conflict-Diamond Connection

Movie Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Analysis Paper - Essay Example In a low-setting society, more data is in transmitting messages so as to make the discarded (RAHMAN, 2005). Amy Tan, girl of John and Daisy Tan and was conceived in America after the separation of her mothers’ first spouse who ended up being damaging. Daisy left her three little girls whom she would not see for about forty years, as per Joy Luck Club setting (Eshbaugh, 2011). Including Amy as little girl in the Joy Luck film clarifies more on the troubles moms and girls face in communication.The hypothesis clarifies that there were clashes among Amy and her mom after the passing of Mr. Tan and Amys’ senior sibling from a mind tumor. Mrs. Tan and her other kids moved to Switzerland, where Amy finished her secondary school training. Her mom, in any case, pick where and which course Amy needed to concentrate as it was the way of life back in China (Tan, 2012). Amy negated her mom and took the course of her craving after which she got hitched to an American. Amy investigated in numerous fields to discover her fulfillment. She is the best case of little girls in Joy Luck Club as she developed between two societies and attempts to absorb into American culture as a small kid to the detriment of Chinese culture (RAHMAN, 2005). She couldn't help contradicting her mom about her vocation plans and training (Tan, 2012). She never lived up to her mothers’ desires as the mother highlighted her little girl as a specialist and a professional piano player (RAHMAN, 2005). Amy’s mother never got hitched to another man while in China and had kids in the past marriage. The demonstration looks like the life of Jing-Mei ‘s mother, who is a character in the film (Eshbaugh, 2011). Amy Tan carried her mom to China to meet her girls whom she abandoned. The activity is again like that of Jing-Mei in the film, in spite of the fact that Jing-Mei returns alone for her is dead. As indicated by this hypothesis, moms and little girls will in general consider things to be another point of view as

An Overview of Eating Disorder Treatments

An Overview of Eating Disorder Treatments June 25, 2019 More in Eating Disorders Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with an eating disorder, you may be feeling scared and unsure of what to do next. Unlike most other mental disorders, eating disorders have the potential for serious medical consequences. As a result, they are most often treated by a team of professionals. Partly because eating disorders are so complex, knowing where to go for treatment and how to access it can feel overwhelming. Patients with eating disorders may receive treatment in a variety of settings including an outpatient clinic, a hospital setting, or something in between. Knowing more about the aspects of treatmentâ€"including goals, treatment providers, settings for treatment, components of treatment, and payment and compliance issuesâ€"can help you feel a bit more ready to take your first step on the road ahead. What Are the Settings in Which Eating Disorder Treatment Occurs? Because insurance providers frequently dictate what level of treatment they are willing to financially cover, you may not have much of a say over which setting you are treated in (unless you are willing and able to pay for treatment out of pocket). It is common to start with a lower level of treatment and progress to higher levels of care as needed. Additionally, if you do receive more intensive treatment, you will likely be gradually stepped down to progressively lower levels of care as treatment progresses and you improve. This is typically decided by members of the treatment team in conjunction with insurance providers. The different levels from least to most intensive include: Outpatient treatment  typically entails individual, one-hour sessions once or twice a week with each individual provider.Intensive outpatient treatment  (IOP) can be two to three sessions a week, a few hours each time, while you live at home and possibly work or attend school.Partial hospitalization programs  (PHP) are usually held five days a week for six  to 11 hours per day, allowing you to sleep at home.Residential treatment centers  (RTC) provide 24-hour care for those who are medically stable but require supervision.Medical hospitalizations  provide 24-hour care for those who require medical supervision. Among the many advantages of higher levels of care are reduced stress, greater medical oversight, increased safety, emotional support, and  meal support. Who Is on an Eating Disorder Treatment Team? Because eating disorders are mental illnesses, a central member of the treatment team is usually a psychotherapist who may be a psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker, or other licensed counselor. The team will often include a medical doctor, such as a primary care physician or pediatrician, a registered dietitian, and a psychiatrist. A team approach allows for the various aspects of the eating disorder to be managed. Collaboration amongst team members is critical. If you are not in a treatment center, you may have to play a role in assembling your team. It is a good idea to ensure your providers have experience with eating disorders. Sometimes providers will have recommendations for other team members with whom they like to collaborate, which can help you build your team. Goals of Treatment The goals of treatment, according to the Academy for Eating Disorders’ Medical Care Standards Committee (2016), include: Nutritional rehabilitationWeight restoration (where appropriate)Medical stabilization and prevention of serious medical complicationsCessation of binge eating and/or purging behaviorsElimination of disordered eating or ritualistic eating behaviorsImproved body imageRestoration of meal patterns that promote healthReestablishment of social engagement Nutritional Therapy One of the first tasks of recovery is repairing lost weight and health, and normalizing  food intake and behaviors. Nutritional therapy is commonly conducted by a registered dietitian. A dietitian typically assesses your nutritional status, medical needs, and food preferences. He or she also  helps to collaboratively develop a meal plan that provides needed nutrition, as well as exposure to feared foods with the goal of increasing flexibility. Medical Treatment Medical treatment for patients with eating disorders is best handled by a medical doctor with specific training in the treatment of eating disorders, so  potential medical issues related to disordered eating behaviors can be successfully managed. The Academy for Eating Disorders’ Critical Points for Early Recognition and Medical Risk Management in the Care of Individuals with Eating Disorders provides guidelines for medical professionals. Medical treatment commonly includes: Monitoring of vitalsLaboratory tests and weight trackingAdditional testing to assess heart function and bone densityManagement of physical symptoms ranging from gastrointestinal distress to heart problems Psychological Treatments for Eating Disorders The best-studied treatment  for eating disorders is  cognitive-behavioral therapy  (CBT). It has proven effective for adults with  bulimia nervosa,  binge eating disorder,  other specified feeding and eating disorder, and  anorexia nervosa. It  is also sometimes used for older adolescents. In cognitive behavioral therapy, the initial focus is on addressing symptoms and on behavioral change. Elements of CBT treatment commonly include:   Self-monitoring such as keeping a food diaryMeal planningEstablishing regular eatingDisrupting  dangerous behaviors such as dieting, binge eating, and compensatory behaviorsAddressing the over-evaluation of shape and weightChallenging dietary rulesAddressing body imageExposure to forbidden foodsRelapse prevention While CBT is the best treatment for adults, the therapeutic approach that shows the best evidence for the treatment of adolescents with both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is  family-based treatment  (FBT). Preliminary research and case studies also indicate that FBT is an acceptable approach for young adults.   Family-based treatment is a manualized therapy that is administered in weekly sessions by a psychotherapist who meets with the entire family.  Parents are empowered  to play an active role in the treatment. The adolescent remains in the home and parents provide  meal support  to help normalize eating behaviors. In addition to CBT and FBT, the other forms of psychotherapy that have proven successful (but are less well-studied) in the treatment of eating disorders include the following: Interpersonal therapy  (IPT) for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorderDialectical behavior therapy  (DBT) for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorderAcceptance and commitment therapy  (ACT) for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorderIntegrative cognitive-affective therapy  (ICAT) for bulimia nervosaCognitive remediation therapy  (CRT) for anorexia nervosaSpecial supportive clinical management  (SSCM) for chronic anorexia nervosaMindfulness-based eating awareness training  (MB-EAT) for binge eating disorderSelf-help/guided self-help  (based on CBT) for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder This list, while not exhaustive, does demonstrate that there are a number of psychotherapeutic approaches that have been employed and investigated for the treatment of eating disorders. Find Support With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Psychiatric Medication Eating disorders may be the mental health disorders that are offered the least helped  by psychiatric medications. No medication has been shown to be particularly successful in clinical trials for anorexia nervosa.Antidepressants, such as the SSRIs and the anticonvulsant Topiramate, have shown to provide some help in reducing binging and purging in patients with bulimia nervosa.Antidepressantsâ€"primarily selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the ADHD medication Vyvanse, and Topirimateâ€"have been shown to be helpful for the treatment of binge eating disorder. A psychiatrist (or sometimes a general medical doctor) makes decisions about the prescription of psychiatric medication on a case by case basis. Antidepressants may be prescribed if depression or certain anxiety symptoms are present along with the eating disorder. Usually, medications are used in conjunction with psychotherapy. How to Find Treatment Finding treatment for yourself or a loved on can feel overwhelming. One good place to start is with your general medical provider, internist, or pediatrician. Let them know your concerns and ask for referrals. The National Eating Disorders Association has a confidential, toll-free helpline. You can call and speak to a trained volunteer who can offer support and make referrals. The number is 800-931-2237. Paying for Treatment Treatment for eating disorders can be expensive, but is often covered by medical insurance. Calling your insurance provider and asking about coverage is a recommended step. Keep in mind, however, that insurance companies sometimes deny coverage for eating disorders. Hence, you may need to advocate on your or your loved one’s behalf, especially for the higher levels of care. If you do not have insurance, options are more limited. Several treatment centers and organizations such as Project Heal provide assistance to some. Unfortunately, all too often community mental health centers and public health insurance programs fail to provide treatment and coverage for eating disorders. What If My Loved One Refuses Treatment? It is not uncommon for patients with eating disorders to not believe that they have an eating disorder and to refuse treatment. Please do not let this deter you.  If you are the parent of an adolescent (or young adult who is financially dependent), you should seek treatment on their behalf even if they do not want it. Eating disorders can have very serious consequences and are best treated when addressed early in the illness. Family-based treatment offers families the chance to seek recovery on a child’s behalf. If your loved one is an adult, this can be more complicated. Privacy laws and patients’ rights make it challenging to force an adult into treatment. However, please do not give up on your loved one. Many individuals with eating disorders have recovered because others wanted recovery for them. You may be able to stage an intervention or, in extreme circumstances, obtain a conservatorship or guardianship. Regardless, a great first step is to get more educated. Familiarize yourself with the information in these pages and you will go a long way in helping your loved one. What About Relapses? Unfortunately, relapses are not uncommon. They can be discouraging, but they do not mean that you’ve failed or that you won’t fully recover. They are a normal part of the recovery process and allow you to fine-tune your recovery skills. A Word From Verywell Starting treatment can be difficult and scary for all those involved. Recovery itself can have its ups and downs, and can be quite challenging. It may be helpful to keep focused on the end goal, which is a life free from your eating disorder.

Belonging - the Kite Runner Essay - 1399 Words

An individual’s sense of belonging stems from their notions of identity, personal context, and place. A lack in any of these areas may result in a thorough sense of alienation and pose as a barrier, which prevents belonging and facilitates an individual’s decision to exclude themselves from their surroundings. However, ironically, these barriers that present hardship can truly liberate an individual and help them in finding a more fulfilled state of belonging. These ideas are explored in Shakespeare’s play, As You Like It and Khaled Hosseini’s novel, The Kite Runner. Barriers to belonging are evident in the play in ‘As you like it’ and are explored through gender paradigms, and social structures. Particularly through the relationship†¦show more content†¦In dressing as Ganymede, she acquires a certain freedom to move around, give advice, and associate as an equal among other men. Breaking free of an external factor and gaining a sense of attachment. Thus her projection of control affects her sense of belonging by challenging the traditional sense of gender roles. Comparatively, ‘The kite runner’, explores the disparity created by differences in cultural backgrounds. This connection manifests in the relationship between Amir and Hassan, though Amir is true to Hassan in private, he feels the need to relate to Hassan according to the prevailing social hierarchy in public. â€Å"Afghanistan is the land of the Pashtun’s†¦not the flat-nosed Hazara’s, these people pollute our homeland. They dirty our blood.† The inclusive language at the beginning of the quote is aimed at the Pashtun’s whereas the negative connotations of ‘pollute’ and ‘dirty’ emphasise the subservient position of the Hazara’s in the Afghani society and thus losing their sense of placement within society. Amir has to face that fact he is disloyal to his relationship with Hassan and begins personal growth. â€Å"He’s my servant! Had I really though that?† â€Å"Everywhere I turned I saw sign s of his loyalty, his goddamn unwavering loyalty.† the absence of conjunction emphasises his thorough regrets that act as a barrier preventing him fromShow MoreRelatedBelonging Romulus, My Father and the Kite Runner Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesYear 12 Assessment Task 2: Area of Study- Belonging â€Å"We all strive to belong† To what extent is this statement true with regard to your SET text and at least ONE related text of your own choosing? One’s understanding of belonging can broaden their understanding and acceptance of themselves and the world around them. The statement that we all strive to belong is true, however it may take time to belong to a certain person, place, group, community or even the larger world. This issue is exploredRead MoreThe, As You Like It, And Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner1486 Words   |  6 Pagesof belonging is undoubtedly linked to their connections with not only people, but places, groups, communities, and the larger world. These connections help to develop a sense of affinity to a person’s surroundings, thus strengthening both one’s sense of belonging, and sense of self. Both William Shakespeare’s comedy, As You Like It, and Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, explore the concept of belonging and it’s varying aspects based on different social contexts, the perspectives of belonging beingRead MoreAlienation Amidst Dissimilarity: The Kite Runner1 212 Words   |  5 Pageswithdraws or becomes isolated from other people in his or her environment. People who are alienated will often reject loved ones or society, and feel distant and estranged from their own emotions† (Alienation 1). Multiple times in the novel The Kite Runner, the protagonist, Amir, lives through an alienation that causes him to search for alternative routes in order to feel accepted. Amir struggles to stand up for himself which concerns his father, Baba, about his future well-being as an adult. TheRead MoreThe Kite Runner Analysis1526 Words   |  7 PagesKabul, in his novel The Kite Runner. He narrates the turbulent journey of a man named Amir, who is haunted by his past and the ghosts of his sins. The novel is not just the history of Afghanistan before the Taliban took over, but it is also the story of redemption. Throughout the novel, Hosseini explores important topics and ideas, including the complications of friendship, the dangers of prejudice an d discrimination, the search for salvation, and betrayal. The Kite Runner has relied on influentialRead MoreInfluences on Social Mobility in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini875 Words   |  4 PagesThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Amir lives in a nice home in Kabul, Afghanistan, with his father. They have two servants, Ali and his son, Hassan. Ali and Hassan are Hazaras, which is an ethnic minority. Hassan is often teased and harassed by a group of boys, one in particular named Assef, who wishes to get rid of all Hazaras in the future. One day an incident happens between Hassan and Assef that changes Amir’s relationship with Hassan forever, bringing Amir to ultimately cause Ali andRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1313 Words   |  5 Pageswas also poor as she started writing the saga on napkins in coffee shops. This way of writing, however, is not unique to just J.K. Rowling. Khaled Hosseini also incorporates life experiences into some of his novels. A p rime example of this is The Kite Runner. The storyline of this novel reflects his past to create a journey of a young Afghanistan boy, whose name is Amir. This boy changes drastically throughout his lifetime from a close minded, considerably arrogant boy to an open hearted and mindedRead MoreEssay The Kite Runner and To Kill a Mockingbird Comparison1010 Words   |  5 PagesIn both The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini and To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, literacy and education play a key role. The education of a man gives him power, and can determine his stature or influence in the community. Literacy gives a man an insight to knowledge that can be important. By developing characters with different levels of education, Khaled Hosseini and Harper Lee develop and strengthen the idea that literacy and education are dangerous tools, and can make the difference betweenRead More The Kite Runner Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe Kite Runner Reading for leisure provides valuable insight into the author’s imagination or prior experience giving the reader a different perspective on a certain topic or culture. In Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, we are introduced into a world of privilege in Afghanistan for the main character, Amir, combated with his best friend and half brother Hassan, their lowly Hazara servant. The two boys were raised together but being a Hazara is seen as an inferior race to many of the otherRead MoreThe Kite Runner: Forgiveness, Loyalty, and the Quest for Redemption2381 Words   |  10 PagesThe Kite Runner: Forgiveness, Loyalty, and the Quest for Redemption Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner is an award-winning novel and considered one of today’s most popular, contemporary classics. The story is one of familiar themes such as loyalty, forgiveness, betrayal, love, and redemption. It follows the tale of Amir and how he must atone for his sins and find a way to â€Å"be good again† (Hosseini 2). The quintessential message of this book relies on the idea of second chances. Themes of redemptionRead MoreDifficult Choices in the Kite Runner1725 Words   |  7 PagesIn Khaled Hosseini’s book, The Kite Runner, the author brings the reader on a journey where we are introduced to two young boys, Amir and Hassan. It is a story about their friendship and the choices they make while growing up in Kabul. Although, Amir and Hassan are raised in the same household, and are fed from same breast, they grow up in different realities: Amir is a Pashtun and the son of a rich and noble man, Hassan is a Hazara and Amir’s ser vant, whose father also served for Amir’s father.

An Interview With A Counselor Essay - 1381 Words

Introduction Counseling is defined as †the use of therapeutic strategies to help clients address personal concerns and mental health issues† (Nystul, 2016). Pursuing counseling as a career involves many years of formal study and certification or licensure. After receiving licensure to practice as a professional counselors it is a requirement to maintain involvement and certification in certain associations in order to hold your license. These association often require further education and/or professional practice in order to maintain membership in these associations. It is quite obvious that counseling requires a large amount of commitment and passion in order to pursue it as a career and maintain a title as a counselor. I have conducted an interview with a professional counselor in order to further understand the experience of being a counselor. The interview that I conducted explores the requirements of maintaining and receiving a counselling career, the experience of being a counselor, and what characteristics or skills a professional may have. The Individual who agreed to the interview was a counselor by the name of Susie Facio. Susie Facio, through this interview, will be giving us a look at what influenced her to become a counselor, what her work entails on a day to day basis, and what qualities and skills she has acquired in order to become a successful counselor. Part I: Becoming A Professional Counselor â€Å"I always wanted to work with children, so I pursued aShow MoreRelatedCounselor Interview : Counselor And Interview1252 Words   |  6 Pages Counselor Interview What practice settings did you considered when you chose the counselor to interview? I was considering interviewing a counselor in the community counseling setting as I, myself is on the same track with the same interest, and motivation. However, while my interest falls toward community settings or private practice, I interviewed a counselor who works at Cuyahoga Community College on the east side campus. She has been counselor about 13 years. PriorRead MoreA Interview With A Counselor Essay706 Words   |  3 Pages When attempting to locate a School Counselor to interview, I decided to interview a counselor at a local middle school located in Coal City, West Virginia. This interview will familiarize you with a School Counselor by the name of James Payne. You will gain a better understanding of his counseling history, his theory on counseling in a school system, the beliefs he expressed regarding the counseling profession and finally how he assists students on a daily basis. Professional History James PayneRead MoreInterview Paper With A Counselor Essay800 Words   |  4 PagesAuthor Interview paper with a Counselor (Rebecca Alexander), and a Social Worker (Mina McVeigh). This interview is for Mrs. Scott’s online class. â€Æ' Throughout history in the United States, we have multiplied the amount of individuals who are considering or participating in the fields: social work and/or counselor. These career fields are not always positive because individuals see situations that makes them cringe. However, there is a lot of rewarding aspects of these specific fields, each individualsRead MoreInterview with a School Counselor Essays1166 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: INTERVIEW WITH A SCHOOL COUNSELOR Interview with Mrs. Ross Freeman Abstract Counseling has many components in different fields such as a school counselor, marriage and family counseling, addiction counseling, individual and private practices, and many more. For my project, I interviewed Mrs. Ross Freeman, a school counselor who talks about her journey of becoming an Elementary School Counselor. We discuss what the requirement and cost were to receive a license in the counselingRead MoreA Interview On A Clinical Mental Health Counselor810 Words   |  4 PagesA Personal Interview The purpose of this paper is for me to present a summary of a personal interview had with Heather Smith, a clinical mental health counselor. It will further explore a day to day basis on how working as a clinical mental health counselor, may be. Lastly, it will also reflect my personal reflections about my future as a counselor based on information learned in this course. Narrative Summary of Interview On October 26, I had the pleasure of interviewing Heather Smith a clinicalRead MoreEssay on Interview with a High School Counselor1822 Words   |  8 Pagessystem. School counselors are taking on new roles in schools as leaders, working with â€Å"school administration and staff in developing student attitudes and behavior which are necessary to maintain proper control, acceptable standards of self-discipline and a suitable learning environment within the school† (Secondary School Counselor 2012). Counselors work in â€Å"diverse community settings designed to provide a variety of counseling, rehabilitation, and support services† (Counselors, 2010). When workingRead MoreCounselor Interview : Counselor, Licensed Marriage And Family Therapist, And Licensed Clinical Alcohol And Drug Counselor Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesCounselor Interview CMB is a Licensed Professional Counselor, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, and Licensed Clinical Alcohol and Drug Counselor. She currently works at an outpatient non-profit agency and also has a private practice. 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Work Motivation Free Essays

string(245) " high levels of power distance than in cultures low in power distance; and \(d\) negative reactions from supervisors in high power-distance cultures generate more negative reactions among workers than is the case in low power-distance cultures\." Work Motivation Theory and Research at The Dawn Of The Twenty-First Century Based on this journal, the writers examine progress made in theory and research on needs, traits, values, cognition, and affect as well as three bodies of literature dealing with the context of motivation: national culture, job design, and models of person environment fit. They focus primarily on work reported between 1993 and 2003, concluding that goal setting, social cognitive, and organizational justice theories are the three most important approaches to work motivation to appear in the last 30 years. The writers reach 10 generally positive conclusions regarding predicting, understanding, and influencing work motivation in the new millennium. We will write a custom essay sample on Work Motivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Miner (2003) concluded that motivation continues to hold a significant position in the eyes of scholars. Miner’s conclusion is based on a comparison with other middle range theories of organizational behavior (OB). The question remains on an absolute standard, motivation theory and research have fared well over the last quarter of a century. In answering this question, we provide a definition of the construct and an assessment of how the field of motivation in the workplace has evolved and progressed since the year in which the last chapter devoted exclusively to this topic appeared in the Annual Review of Psychology (ARP). We selectively review theory and research, emphasizing work published in the past decade, 1993–2003, with special emphasis given to research on contextual effects and mediating mechanisms. Work motivation is a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual’s being, to initiate work-related behavior and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration (Pinder 1998). where motivation is a process resulting from the interaction between the individual and the environment. However, because of space limitations, the writers just focus on national culture, job design characteristics, and person-environment fit, omitting reviews of other exogenous sources of motivation. MOTIVATIONAL FRAMEWORK The framework used in reviewing the literature is consistent with Locke Henne(1986). Needs is followed by a focus on (b) personal traits. An individual difference variable rooted in needs is (c) values. Because context affects the extent to which needs are met and values are fulfilled, emphasis is given to (d) national culture, (e) job design characteristics, and (f) person context fit. Needs and values affect (g) cognition, particularly goals. Cognition plays an integral role in each of these concepts. Although (h) affective reactions need not depend on cognition (Bandura 1997), the two usually are reciprocally related (Lord Kanfer 2002). Finally, affect is influenced by culture as well as by organizational norms (Lord Harvey 2002). We close with an (i) assessment of progress in the field since 1977. NEEDS Aslam et al. (2000) presented a process-based analysis of need structure and need salience derived from the social identity approach to organizational behavior. When personal identity is salient, needs to self- actualize and to enhance self esteem through personal advancement and growth become dominant. When social identity is salient, the need to enhance group based self-esteem through a sense of relatedness, respect, peer recognition, and attainment of group goals dominate. They stated that McGregor’s (1960) Theory Y assumptions apply when the supervisor and employee share the same identity; Theory X assumptions apply when they do not do so. 2 People are motivated to attain goals that are compatible with their self-identity. Needs associated with a specific group membership are internalized; they serve as a guide for behavior in a specific working context. Need-based theories explain why a person must act; they do not explain why specific actions are chosen in specific situations to obtain specific outcomes. Moreover, they do not easily account for individual differences. Hence, along with increased attention to needs, there has also been a resurgence of interest in individual differences, particularly with regard to the effects of job characteristics on employee motivation. TRAITS In summary, the importance of personality in predicting, understanding, and influencing choice, affect, and performance has been shown, as well as the importance of job characteristics (e. g. , autonomy) as a mediator/moderator. An issue identified by Locke Latham (2004) that has yet to be addressed is how general variables such as personality are applied to and are mediated by task and situationally specific variables in affecting performance, or how they are moderated by situations and affect situational structuring and choice. Locke (2001) showed that values and personality work through goals and self-efficacy to influence performance. Yet it is likely that some trait effects are direct and thus are not mediated. Research is needed on if, when, and why this occurs VALUES Values are rooted in needs and provide a principal basis for goals (Locke Henne 1986). Locke Henne (1986) argued that values are inherent in most work moti- vation theories. These theories focus on the influence of one or several particu- lar values, such as perceptions of fairness on action or on the effects of values in general (expectancy theory). CONTEXT As a result of globalization, however, values have been studied within the context of a person’s culture and job as well as person-environment fit. National Culture In an attempt to tie together needs and values, Steers Sanchez-Runde (2002) stated that national culture determines three key sets of distal sources of motivation: (a) people’s self-concept, including personal beliefs, needs, and values; (b) norms about work ethic and the nature of â€Å"achievement,† tolerance for ambiguity, locus of control, etc. ; and (c) â€Å"environmental factors†. Based on their conceptual model, the authors concluded that these distal factors influence self-efficacy beliefs, work motivation levels, and goals, as well as the nature of incentives and disincentives to perform. Building on research findings of other scholars, Leung (2001) has offered four hypotheses for further research: (a) work teams in collectivistic cultures have higher levels of unconditional benevolence and positive social identity that, in turn, lead to higher levels of in-group involvement than is the case for groups that value ndividualism; (b) productivity and performance levels are more homogenous (not necessarily higher or lower) in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures; (c) motivational strategies by superiors have more effect on subordinates in cultures with high levels of power distance than in cultures low in power distance; and (d) negative reactions from supervisors in high power-distance cultures generate more negative reactions among workers than is the case in low power-distance cultures. You read "Work Motivation" in category "Essay examples" Job Design Characteristics Gustafson Mumford (1995) reported that the ability of personality measures to predict performance as well as satisfaction increases when characteristics of a job are taken into account. Job autonomy can facilitate the time necessary for learning and development, which in turn improves job performance (Wall Jackson 1995). Cordery (1997) argued the necessity of differentiating the importance of three dimensions of job autonomy, namely (a) method control as defined by the amount of discretion one has over the way in which work is performed, (b) timing control in terms of the influence one has over scheduling of work, and (c) discretion in setting performance goals. He found four interrelated dimensions that affect job autonomy, namely the extent to which the supervisor (a) provides clear attainable goals, (b) exerts control over work activities, (c) ensures that the requisite resources are available, and (d) gives timely accurate feedback on progress toward goal attainment. PERSON CONTEXT-FIT The basic assumption underlying these models is that the relationship between person variables (such as needs or values) and both individual and organizational outcomes is contingent upon various features of the environment (such as the job, the organization, or culture). These models originated from Shaffer’s (1953). He used Murray’s (1938) needs to develop a goodness-of-fit model that takes into account individual differences in needs as well as the characteristics of jobs. Cable ; DeRue (2002), through a confirmatory factor analysis, found that employees differentiate among three varieties of fit: (a) person-environment fit (in which the focus is on organizational outcomes such as organizational identification and turnover decisions); (b) â€Å"needs-supplies† fit (in which the primary focus is on career-related outcomes such as employee satisfaction) and (c) job demands–employee abilities fit. COGNITION As Locke ; Henne (1986) observed, cognition is inherent in motivation. The sensations of pleasure and pain are informational. Based on needs, values, and the situational context, people set goals and strategize ways to attain them. Goal-Setting Theory A meta-analysis by Zetik ; Stuhlmacher (2002) revealed that negotiators who have specific, challenging, and conflicting goals consistently achieve higher profits than those with no goals. Consistent with goal-setting theory, the higher the goal, the higher the outcome. No effect was found for participation in setting goals. Contextual Conditions Seijts ; Latham (2000b) examined the applicability of goal-setting principles when personal goals are potentially incompatible with those of the group. They found that social dilemmas are boundary conditions for the usual positive effects of goal setting. Self-enhancing personal goals have a detrimental effect on a group’s performance. Audia et al. (2000) found that past success increased strategic decision makers’ satisfaction, and satisfaction led them to increase their past strategies. Higher satisfaction was associated with higher self-efficacy and higher performance goals that increased dysfunctional persistence subsequent to a radical change in the environment. Implementation Intentions and Auto-Motive Goals Gollwitzer (1999) found that goal intentions that are accompanied by implementation intentions on tasks that are complex for people lead to a higher rate of goal attainment than do goal intentions only. An implementation intention is a mental link that is created between a specific future situation and the intended goal-directed response. Thus, it is subordinate to goal intention. Implementation intentions specify when, where, and how behavior is likely to lead to goal attainment. By forming implementation intentions, people strategically switch from conscious effortful control of their goal-directed behavior to being automatically controlled by situational cues. Bargh ; Ferguson (2000) summarized research findings that show that automatic or nonconscious goals produce the same outcomes as conscious goal pursuit in information processing, memory storage, social behavior, and task performance, as well as in self efficacy, self evaluation, and mood state. Feedback Ashford et al. (2003) stated that the processing of feedback likely involves monitoring the environment in an automatic preconscious fashion through visual, auditory, and relational cues. In their enumerative review, Ashford ; Black (1996) also suggested three primary motives for feedback seeking: instrumental to attain a goal and perform well, ego-based to defend or enhance one’s ego, and image-based to protect or enhance the impression others have of oneself. Self-Regulation Goal setting and feedback seeking in relation to goals are the core of self-regulation (Latham ; Locke 1991). Self-regulatory processes supporting goal implementation were examined by Gollwitzer ; Bayer (1999). They offered a time perspective on goal striving and self-regulatory processes as mediating the effects of intentions on behavior. The latter consists of four phases: predecisional (choosing among competing wishes, based on expected value); preactional (forming implementation intentions in the service of the goal intention); actional (bringing goal direct actions to a successful end); and postactional (evaluation as to whether further action is necessary) Expectancy Theory After reviewing the literature, Ambrose ; Kulik (1999) concluded that little or no advances have been made in expectancy theory research in the past decade. Ambrose ; Kulik concluded that there are few theoretical or applied reasons for additional research on the application of this theory to organizational behavior Social Cognitive Theory SCT research shows empirically that the effect of environmental antecedents and consequences are mediated by cognitive variables. SCT emphasizes dual control systems in the self-regulation of motivation, namely a proactive discrepancy production system that works in concert with a reactive discrepancy reduction system (Bandura 2001). Thus, people are motivated by the foresight of goals, not just the hindsight of shortfalls. A specific high goal creates negative discrepancies to be mastered. Effort and resources are mobilized based on anticipatory estimates of what is necessary for goal attainment. AFFECT/EMOTION Mowday ; Sutton (1993) argued against an overemphasis on cognition in the study of motivation. This is because moods and emotions influence the attainment of complex long-term goals (Lord ; Kanfer 2002) and are interrelated with the other constructs we have discussed. Erez ; Isen (2002) showed that people with higher levels of positive affect exhibited higher levels of persistence, effort, self-reported motivation, and performance on two different tasks. Positive affect was associated with higher levels of valence and expectancy beliefs at these tasks as well as higher levels of instrumentality beliefs at one of them. Organizational Justice A significant body of research on work motivation that has appeared since Korman et al. ’s 1977 review is conceptualizations of organizational justice (Greenberg 1987). These studies, based on sociolegal research of disputants’ reactions to a conflict resolution, supplement Adam’s equity theory, the fundamental idea of which is that individuals develop beliefs about the inputs they provide in their employment relationship as well as about the outcomes they receive in return, and they form attitudes about the ratio between inputs and outcomes in relation to the corresponding ratios they perceive among comparison others. The premise of organizational justice is that fair procedures enhance employee acceptance of organizational outcomes. second premise, namely that in addition to being fair, leaders must be perceived as fair with regard to outcomes and processes that serve an important psychological need (Greenberg 1990). CONCLUSIONS First, three theories dominate the motivation literature: goal-setting, social cognitive, and organizational justice. Second, whereas theory and research in the third quarter of the twentieth century focused almost exclusively on cognition (Latham ; Budworth 2004), this is no longer true. Third, the ability to predict, understand, and influence motivation in the workplace has increased significantly as a result of the attention that has been given to all rather than only a few aspects of an employee’s motivation. Fourth, whereas the dependent variables historically studied were limited to traditional measures of job performance and satisfaction, today’s dependent variables range from citizenship to counterproductive behavior. Fifth, Cronbach’s (1957) plea a half century ago for experimental and correlational psychology to combine forces has been heeded. Sixth, the importance of context to motivation has been recognized much more in recent years than in the past; so much so that an additional chapter could be devoted to it. Seventh, these advances in the study of motivation may reflect the fact that this subject is no longer restricted to the research findings of North Americans. Eighth, behavioral scientists in the latter half of the twentieth century responded positively to William James’ exhortation to systematically study consciousness. Ninth, the antagonisms among theorists that existed throughout much of the twentieth century have either disappeared or have been minimized. Tenth, the nomological nets related to work motivation constructs are thicker and tighter than ever before, but the size of the aggregate net (metaphorically speaking) is not growing at a rate commensurate with the energy that scholars and practitioners have invested since 1977. Accordingly, Steers (2001) recently recognized the limitations of current theory and research in work motivation, and issued a call for groundbreaking papers for publication in a special edition of the Academy of Management Review in 2004. It is too soon to assess whether any of the papers published in response to his call will How to cite Work Motivation, Essay examples

Sixth Sense Essays - Haley Joel Osment, Keyshia Cole, Cole

Sixth Sense This past weekend , I went to see a movie at the near theater to my house ." The Sixth Sense " It is some kind of psychological movie that tell the story of a littleboy name Cole Sear ,Who has some kind of Supernatural abilities to see and comuni-cate with the dead . And a child psychologist who was shot by a disturbed former patient who break into his house .The patient was treated by Dr Malcolm Crowe as a child but now wants revenge for not been cured . I think the story plot was good .In my opinion I believed that it was one of the best movie I have seen so far this year .I particularly love the acting of Young Osment ( Cole Sear ). He was brilliant ,adorable beyond compare. I just wanted to give him a big hug , and tell him that everything will be okay. Bruce Willis ( Dr Malcom Crowe ) did a very good job himself as achild psychologist who is still troubled with whathappen a year go. The suspense was excellent too. What touched me the most was how much Cole Sear carried on himself. Coles problem is that he lives in constant fears of ghostly visit . He can see them ( dead people ) every where .They are walking among us . He can see them at the school .He tells his teacher " they used to hang people here " But the teacher does not believed him , so he goes on telling him that " when you were a boy they called you StutteringStanley "Another part of Cole's fear is that he is unable to tell anyone about this secret because he is afraid that no one would believe him. And that's where his worried mothers steps in by contacting a child psychologist Dr. Malcolm to help after she last exhausted all possible avenues from the medical establishment . Dr Malcom Crowe is a child psychologist , who still carried after a year a ridden Guilt . He feels like a failure because a year ago he could not or was not able to saved one of his patient . I believed that when he found Cole it was some kind of way to make up for his failure . Malcolm is a sensitive man but troubled , who has to choose between helping the poor terrified little 8 years old Cole or working harder on his neglected marriage. Malcolm and Cole are helping Each other to resolve their problems . The suspense was incredible . No special effects and computerization that chill your bones....I jumped once during the film . That was when the little girl showed up in the tent that Cole made . When He turned around and saw her that is when I jumped , and everybody else in the theater did the same . It scared the s**t out of me , I thought something would be coming from the top and believed me it got my attention . It was one of the best movie I have seen this year .It kept me clung to the armrest .The ending of the movie is totally unexpected . My friend in Arizona saw the movie 2 weeks ago . I begged her to tell me about it but she would not tell me anything She said " if I tell you , it would ruined it , you have to go see it ." So that is what I finally did . And I am glad that she did not tell me about the ending. I am not going to mention it now. I do not know if you saw the movie . If you did not , it is a must see . My last thought of "The Sixth Sense" is the movie is about communication .Every character seeks to reach a level of communication in order to deliver a message .( Like the little girl who wants her dad to know that her step-mom was the one who killed her . ) she just wanted Cole to go at her house find the video tape that she made and give it to her dad . Now she was free to go in peace .Or when at the end of the movie Cole told Malcolm that he could talk to his wife while she was sleeping, she be listening to him .This last part of